Quanah grew to manhood in that environment, the son of a war leader, in a warlike society, during a time of frequent warfare. Forced to surrender to the US Army in 1875, Quanah settled with his people on a reservation in Oklahoma, assumed his mother's surname, and began helping the Comanche . The name, according to the Texas State Historical Association, came about when he acquired a set of Spanish chainmail armor at some unknown point. However, in an attempt to finalize the submission of the Comanche people, there was a movement towards bison hunting. Armed with 50-caliber Sharps rifles, the whites flaunted government regulations and began hunting buffalo year round for their hides on land specifically set aside for Native American hunting. How many participants were involved on both sides, whether Nocona was killed, and whether Quanah and Nocona were even present are all disputed issues, though it seems likely that Nocona neither perished nor was present. They suggested that if Quanah Parker were to attack anybody, he should attack the merchants. Eventually Quanah agreed to settle on a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma, and he persuaded other Comanche bands to conform. Given the Comanche name Nadua (Foundling), she was adopted into the Nokoni band of Comanches, as foster daughter of Tabby-nocca. Thus, the correct answer is option A. . This concerted campaign by the U.S. Army proved disastrous for the Comanches and their Kiowa allies. [15] [6] In 1884, due largely to Quanah Parker's efforts, the tribes received their first "grass" payments for grazing rights on Comanche, Kiowa and Apache lands. As a result, both Quanah and Cynthia Ann Parker were disinterred, with the bodies moved to the Fort Sill cemetery in Lawton, Oklahoma. Quanah's mother, Cynthia Ann Parker, was abducted by Comanche raiders on the Texas frontier when she was 9. [5] Quanah Parker had become one of the preeminent representatives of Native Americans to white society. 1845-1911). Whites who had business dealings with the chief were surprised he was not impaired by peyote. Quanah Parker (U.S. National Park Service) The attack was repulsed and Quanah himself was wounded. Thomas W. Kavanagh. The other captives were released for ransom over the next six years, but Cynthia was adopted, renamed Nautda, and reared by Comanche parents. Quanah later added his mothers surname to his given name. The Red River War officially ended in June 1875 when Quanah Parker and his band of Quahadi Comanche entered Fort Sill and surrendered; they were the last large roaming band of southwestern Indians. Colonel Mackenzie and his Black Seminole Scouts and Tonkawa scouts surprised the Comanche, as well as a number of other tribes, and destroyed their camps. Comanche chief who opposed the treaty and refused to move onto a reservation. Roosevelt said, Give the red man the same chance as the white. A large area of todays Southern and Central Great Plains once formed the boundaries of the most powerful nomadic Native American people in history: the Comanche. They spent the lean winter on the reservation in order to obtain government rations, but when springtime arrived, they returned to buffalo hunting and raiding. Quanah Parker was a proponent of the "half-moon" style of the peyote ceremony. This religion developed in the nineteenth century, inspired by events of the time being east and west of the Mississippi River, Quanah Parker's leadership, and influences from Native Americans of Mexico and other southern tribes. [6] The campaign began in the Llano Estacado region where Comanche were rumored to have been camping. Historian Rosemary Updyke, describes how Roosevelt met Quanah when he visited Indian Territory for a reunion of his regiment of Rough Riders from the Spanish-American War. Cynthia Ann Parker and Nocona's first child was Quanah Parker, born in the Wichita Mountains of southwestern Oklahoma. In a letter to rancher Charles Goodnight, Quanah Parker writes, "From the best information I have, I was born about 1850 on Elk Creek just below the Wichita Mountains. Quanah also was a devotee of Comanche spiritual beliefs. events, and resources. P.332, Paul Howard Carlson. Parker soon began leading raids in Texas, northern Mexico, and other locations. S.C. Gwynne is the author of Hymns of the Republic and the New York Times bestsellers Rebel Yell and Empire of the Summer Moon, which was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award.He spent most of his career as a journalist, including stints with Time as bureau chief, national correspondent, and senior editor, and with Texas Monthly as executive editor. It led to the Red River War, which culminated in a decisive Army victory in the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Young Quanah grieved when Nautda and his sister, Prairie Flower were captured by Texas Rangers during an attack on his bands camp at Pease River, Texas, in 1860. These attributes were among the many positive traits of a Comanche warrior who eventually became the most famous Comanche chieftain of the Southern Plains. In the case of the Comanche, the tribe signed a treaty with the Confederacy, and when the war ended they were forced to swear loyalty to the United States government at Fort Smith. Nocona purportedly was killed in the raid. Following on the heels of the Civil War, the Army had a low number of recruits, and very little money to pay the soldiers they did have, so few men were sent west to fight the Indian threat. Quanah Parker: Maybe Not a Wonderful Person, But Truly a Great Man In the early 1870s, the Plains Indians were losing the battle for their land with the United States government. The cavalrymen opened fire on the Comanches killing their leader. He was originally buried by his mother at the Post Oak Mission in Oklahoma. Weckeah bore five children, Chony had three, Mahcheetowooky had two children, Aerwuthtakeum had another two, Coby had one child, Topay four (of which two survived infancy), and Tonarcy, who was his last wife, had none. Later that morning the Comanches stole a dozen more horses, prompting two officers and a dozen troopers to take pursuit. Parker and his brother, Pee-nah, escaped and made their way to a Comanche village 75 miles to the west. [1] He also refused to follow U.S. marriage laws and had up to eight wives at one time.[1]. Around 4 am, the raiders drove down into the valley. Corral, but Virgil Earp, In the last half of the 1800s, the bustling port town of San Francisco, which grew out of, If you are a fan of the Paramount+ series Yellowstone (and who isnt? Thomas W. Kavanagh. Prairie Flower died of pneumonia in 1864, and unhappy Cynthia Ann starved herself to death in 1871. The battle raged until the Comanches ran out of ammunition and withdrew. Nine-year-old Cynthia had been kidnapped by Comanches during the Fort Parker raid of May 1836. Comancheria, as their territory was known, stretched for 240,000 square miles across the Southern Plains, covering parts of the modern-day states of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado. Approximately 5,000 enlisted men, divided into ten regiments made up the American forces that would face the powerful Comanche. 1st ed.. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003. Quanah and Nautda never met again after her capture, but Quanah took her name, cherished her photograph, and grew friendly with his white relatives. A faction of the Comanche tribe, the Quahadi, was arguably the most resistant towards the Anglo settlers. Decades later, Quanah denied that his father was killed by Ross, and claimed he died later. Although first espoused to another warrior, she and Quanah Parker eloped, and took several other warriors with them. Her family, having searched for her . He was a respected leader in all of those realms. Like other whites, Roosevelt viewed Quanah as a model of assimilation, but also listened to Quanah on Comanche issues of employment and prosperity. Following the capture of the Kiowa chiefs Sitting Bear, Big Tree, and Satanta, the last two paroled in 1873 after two years thanks to the firm and stubborn behaviour of Guipago, the Kiowa, Comanche, and Southern Cheyenne tribes joined forces in several battles. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Quanah Parker was different from other Native American leaders in that he had grown wealthy after his submission. On October 21 the various chiefs made their marks on the treaty. The family's history was forever altered in 1860 when Texas Rangers attacked an Indian encampment on the Pease River. With help from Charles Goodnight and other friendly cattlemen that he once had raided, Quanah Parker became a wealthy rancher and built his stately, two-story Star House at Cache, Oklahoma. By the time Quanah was an adult, the Comanche Nation was in its final death throes, and he was destined to be its last great leader. [4] General Sherman picked Ranald S. Mackenzie, described by President Grant as "the most promising young officer in the army," commanding the 4th Cavalry, to lead the attack against the Comanche tribe. The Army regiments steadily wore them down in countless clashes and skirmishes. P.63, S. C. Gwynne (Samuel C. ). He was the son of a Comanche chief and an Anglo American woman, Cynthia Ann Parker, who had been captured as a child. Some, including Quanah Parker himself, claim this story is false and that he, his brother, and his father Peta Nocona were not at the battle, that they were at the larger camp miles away, and that Peta Nocona died years later of illness caused by wounds from battles with Apache. Quanahs paternal grandfather was Pobishequasso, better known as the fierce war chief and medicine man Iron Jacket.. Quanah Parker. Originally, Quanah Parker, like many of his contemporaries, was opposed to the opening of tribal lands for grazing by Anglo ranching interests. Kicking bird. Empire of the summer moon: Quanah Parker and the rise and fall of the Comanches, the most powerful Indian tribe in American history. As they retreated, Quanah Parker's horse was shot out from under him at five hundred yards. Cynthia Ann, who was admired for her toughness and striking blue eyes, was assimilated into the Comanche culture. Cynthia Ann had been kidnapped at age nine during a Comanche raid on her familys outpost, Fort Parker, located about 40 miles west of present-day Waco, Texas. In the early hours of October 10, Parker and his warriors fell upon the U.S. Army soldiers with blood-curdling yells. She was captured in 1836 (c.age nine) by Comanches during the raid of Fort Parker near present-day Groesbeck, Texas. The Comanches, though, rode on through the storm and succeeded in escaping their pursuers. I learnt a bit about him in Apache and Fort Sill, Oklahoma back in 1973. Quanah was elected deputy sheriff of Lawton, Oklahoma in 1902, and nine years later, at the age of 66, Quanah died at his beloved Star House. Quanah Parker's other wife in 1872 was Wec-Keah or Weakeah, daughter of Penateka Comanche subchief Yellow Bear (sometimes Old Bear). Swinging down under his galloping horses neck, Parker notched an arrow in his bow. ), you were probably thrilled when, When Josephine Marcus Earp died in Los Angeles on December 19, 1944, her small memorial attracted little attention, 50 Native American Proverbs, Sayings & Wisdom Quotes, 10 Places to See Native American Pictographs & Petroglyphs in the West, 10 Revealing Facts About Isaac Parker, the Old Wests Hanging Judge, 7 Remarkable Native American Women from Old West History, The Fighting Men & Women of the Fetterman Massacre, The Brief & Heinous Rampage of the Rufus Buck Gang, 10 Important Battles & Fights of the Great Sioux War, 5 Spectacular Native American Ruins in Colorado You Can Visit Today, Flint Knapping: Stone Age Technology that Built the First Nations, 10 Native American Mythical Creatures, from Thunderbirds to Skinwalkers, The Complicated Legacy of Peacemaker Ute Chief Ouray, 15 Native American Ruins in Arizona that Offer a Historic Glimpse into the Past. The tactics they used eventually led to the economic, rather than military, downfall of the tribe. Corrections? The Comanche Empire. Parker was among the Comanches in attendance. Iron Jackets charmed life came to an end on May 12, 1858, when Texas Rangers John S. Ford and Shapely P. Ross, supported by Brazos Reservation Native Americans, raided the Comanche at the banks of the South Canadian River. Before his death, Quanah brought back his mother's body to rest back to his . After years of searching, Quanah Parker had their remains moved from Texas and reinterred in 1910 in Oklahoma on the Comanche reservation at Fort Sill. Famous Comanche Chief Once Entertalned Ambassador Bryce", "Oklahoma's Memorial Highways & Bridges P Listing", "Quanah Parker Fort Worth Marker Number: 14005", Appletons' Cyclopdia of American Biography, Quanah Parker Biography of the Famous Warrior, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quanah_Parker&oldid=1149405499, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2020, All articles needing additional references, TEMP Infobox Native American leader with para 'known' or 'known for', Pages using infobox Native American leader with unknown parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Weakeah, Chony, Mah-Chetta-Wookey, Ah-Uh-Wuth-Takum, Coby, Toe-Pay, Tonarcy, Comanche leader to bring the Kwahadi people into, The Quanah Parker Trail, a public art project begun in 2010 by the. The meaning of Quanahs name is unclear. Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief - Bewilderbeast Droppings Quanah Parker, the last chief of the Quahada Comanche Indians, son of Peta Nocona and Cynthia Ann Parker, was born about 1845. [4], In the fall of 1871, Mackenzie and his 4th Cavalry, as well as two companies in the 11th Infantry, arrived in Texas, began to seek out their target. Overhead, an eagle "glided lazily and then whipped his wings in the direction of Fort Sill.". The U.S. government appointed him principal chief of the entire nation once the people had gathered on the reservation and later introduced general elections. More important, as described by historian Rosemary Updyke, Comanche custom dictated that a man may have as many wives as he could afford. Parker attempted to confuse his pursuers by dividing the Comanches and animals into two groups and having them cross and recross their trails. Attempts by the U.S. military to locate them were unsuccessful. 1st Scribner hardcover ed.. New York: Scribner, 2010. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. The warriors believed that the Army had deliberately deceived them. Comanche political history: an ethnohistorical perspective, 1706-1875. Slumped in the saddle, the wounded soldier turned his horse around. She made a pathetic figure as she stood there, viewing the crowds that swarmed about her. Comanche campaign - Wikipedia Comanche Chief Quanah Parker: A Man of Two Worlds - HistoryNet Cynthia Ann reportedly starved herself to death in 1870. Though most Indians found the transition to reservation life extremely difficult, Quanah adapted so quickly that he was soon made chief. In appreciation of his valor, the members of the war party elected Parker as their leader. Quanah Parker. Among the latter were the Texas surveyor W. D. Twichell and the cattleman Charles Goodnight. It was during such raids that he perfected his skills as a warrior. However, he also overtly supported peyote, testifying to the Oklahoma State Legislature, I do not think this Legislature should interfere with a mans religion; also these people should be allowed to retain this health restorer. According to his daughter "Wanada" Page Parker, her father helped celebrate President Theodore Roosevelt's 1905 inauguration by appearing in the parade. Quanah and his band, however, refused to cooperate and continued their raids. The Comanches aggressively repelled trespass onto their domain, known as the Comancheria (todays Texas, eastern New Mexico, and parts of Kansas and Oklahoma), attacking Texas towns, clashing with the US Army and Texas Rangers, and periodically shutting down traffic on the Santa Fe Trail. Due to tensions between them and the Indian Office, the Indians saw the withholding of rations as a declaration of war, and acted accordingly. More conservative Comanche critics viewed him as a sell out. In October 1867, when Quanah Parker was only a young man, he had come along with the Comanche chiefs as an observer at treaty negotiations at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. TX History Chapter 18 Flashcards | Quizlet A war party of approximately 300 Southern Plains warriors, including Parkers Quahadis, struck out for the ruins of an old trading post known as Adobe Walls where the buffalo hunters had established a supply depot. "Not only did Quanah pass within the span of a single lifetime from a Stone Age warrior to a statesman in the age of the Industrial Revolution, but he never lost a battle to the white man and he also accepted the challenge and responsibility of leading the whole Comanche tribe on the difficult road toward their new existence. [1], Quanah Parker's home in Cache, Oklahoma[1] was called the Star House.[5]. S. C. Gwynne (Samuel C. ). The criminals were never found. We then discuss the event that began the decline of the Comanches: the kidnapping of a Texan girl named Cynthia Ann Parker. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. Quanah Parker was a man of two societies and two centuries: traditional Comanche and white America, 19th century and 20th. They shared their territory with a similar number of Southern Cheyenne and Kiowa who refused to live on the reservation. This defeat spelled the end of the war between the Comanche and the Americans.[14]. In May 1836, Comanche and Caddo warriors raided Fort Parker and captured nine-year-old Cynthia Ann and her little brother John. Quanah Parker, (born 1848?, near Wichita Falls, Texas, U.S.died February 23, 1911, Cache, near Fort Sill, Oklahoma), Comanche leader who, as the last chief of the Kwahadi (Quahadi) band, mounted an unsuccessful war against white expansion in northwestern Texas (187475). Isa-tai prophesied that the Comanches would regain their former glory and drive out the whites. Over the years, Quanah Parker married six more wives: Chony, Mah-Chetta-Wookey, Ah-Uh-Wuth-Takum, Coby, Toe-Pay, and Tonarcy. The May 18 ambush, known as the Salt Creek Massacre, resulted in the death and mutilation of seven wagoners who were part of a wagon train bearing food for Fort Griffin in north-central Texas. Quanah Parker (1845-1911) - Find a Grave Memorial The duel was over. Angered over their defeat, the Comanches attacked other settlements. 1st Scribner hardcover ed.. New York: Scribner, 2010. While at first his mailshirt held true, at last six-shooters and Mississippi rifles killed the semi-legendary war chief. P.64, Pekka Hamalainen. Quanahs own use was regular and he often led fellow Native Americans through the sacred Half Moon ceremony. The country is founded on the doctrine of giving each man a fair show to see what is in him.. One way Quanah maintained his position was by being able to maintain Comanche traditions. The book narrates a history of the Comanche Nation, and also follows the fates of the Parker family, from whom the book's . [9] Quanah Parker had eight wives and twenty-five children (some of whom were adopted). Empire of the Summer Moon Summary and Study Guide | SuperSummary In the summer of 1869 he participated in a raid deep into southern Texas in which approximately 60 Comanche warriors stole horses from a cowboy camp near San Angelo and then continued to San Antonio where they killed a white man. The presentation of a cultural relic as significant as Quanah Parker's war lance was not done lightly. Joseph A. Williams is an author, historian, and librarian based in Connecticut. Western settlement brought the Spanish, French, English, and American settlers into regular contact with the native tribes of the region. Burnett and other ranchers met with Comanche and Kiowa tribes to lease land on their reservationnearly 1million acres (400,000ha) just north of the Red River in Oklahoma. Soldiers: Quanah Parker - Warfare History Network Although outsmarted by Parker in what became known as the Battle of Blanco Canyon, Mackenzie familiarized himself with the Comanches trails and base camps in the following months. In December 1860, Cynthia Ann Parker and Topsana were captured in the Battle of Pease River. The tribes of the Southern Plains, members of a U.S. government peace commission, and U.S. Army commander General William T. Sherman met in October 1867 at Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas. He left and rejoined the Kwahadi band with warriors from another band. With the dead chief were buried some valuables as a mark of his status. He was a respected leader in all of those realms. This competition for land created tension between the Anglo settlers and the Natives of the region. In fact, she became a totem of the white mans conquest of the West, and put on display. However, Quanah was not a mere stooge of the white government: his evident plan was to promote his own people as best he could within the confines of a society that oppressed them. Spreading over a large expanse of the southern plains, the Comanche fought hard diplomatically to maintain power in the region they controlled. She grew up as a daughter of the tribe, married Nocona, and gave birth to son Quanah (Fragrant), son Pecos (Peanuts), and daughter Tot-see-ah (Prairie Flower). Cynthia Ann Parker and Nocona also had another son, Pecos (Pecan), and a daughter, Topsana (Prairie Flower). Instead, Quanahs family cleaned the bones and reburied him in a new casket. [13][14][15][16][17][18] They had used peyote in spiritual practices since ancient times. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. Her repeated attempts to rejoin the Comanche had been blocked by her white family, and in 1864 Prairie Flower died. The "Parade" lance depicted in the exhibit was usually carried by Quanah Parker at such public gatherings. The trail of the escaping Comanches was plain enough with their dragging lodge poles and numerous horses and mules. To fight an onset of blood burning fever, a Mexican curandera was summoned and she prepared a strong peyote tea from fresh peyote to heal him. [7] In April 1905, Roosevelt visited Quanah Parker at the Star House. He became a war chief at a relatively young age. After a year of marriage and a visit of Mescalero Apache in the Quohada camps, Ta-ho-yea asked to return home, citing as her reason her inability to learn the Comanche language. Any discussion about Quanah Parker must begin with his mother, Cynthia Ann Parker. Topsana died of an illness in 1863. Parker went on hunting trips with President Theodore Roosevelt, who often visited him. With European-Americans hunting American bison, the Comanches' main source of food, to near extinction, Quanah Parker eventually surrendered and peacefully led the Kwahadi to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma. Beside his bed were photographs of his mother Cynthia Ann Parker and younger sister Topsana. In response, the Comanches launched repeated raids in which they sought to curtail the activity. Many of these Indians were friendly, and received the new settlers gladly, offering to trade and coexist peacefully, while other tribes resisted the newcomers. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Born 1852 Quanah Parker (died 1911) was a leader of the Comanche people during the difficult transition period from free-ranging life on the southern plains to the settled ways of reservation life. [5] These captives were later used in a deal made between the soldiers at Fort Sill and the Comanche tribe: peace in exchange for hostages. He had a two-story, ten-room house built for himself in the foothills of the Wichita Mountains in Oklahoma. Surrenders increased in number until the last holdouts, Quahadi Comanches under Quanah Parker, surrendered to Mackenzie at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, on June 2, 1875. He had wed her in Mescalero by visiting his Apache allies since the 1860s and had got her for five mules. She was raised as a Comanche and married Chief Nocona. After the attack, federal officials issued an order stating that all Southern Plains Indians were expected to be living on their designated reservation lands by August 1, 1874. With Colonel Mackenzie and Indian Agent James M. Hayworth, Parker helped settle the Comanche on the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation in southwestern Indian Territory. It was believed that Quanah Parker and his brother Pecos were the only two to have escaped on horseback, and were tracked by Ranger Charles Goodnight but escaped to rendezvous with other Nokoni. P.334, Pekka Hamalainen. Quanah Parker taught that the sacred peyote medicine was the sacrament given to the Indian peoples and was to be used with water when taking communion in a traditional Native American Church medicine ceremony. The troopers soon discovered to their horror they had been led into an ambush. On June 2 Parker arrived at Fort Sill where he surrendered to Mackenzie. The U.S. Army burned villages and seized horses in order to cripple the last Southern Plains holdouts from reservation life. The soldiers followed the Comanches out of the canyon, but Parker sought to elude Mackenzies men by leading his people back into the canyon. 1st ed.. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003. The Quanah Parker Star House, with stars painted on its roof, is located in the city of Cache, . One Comanche ambush narrowly missed Sherman, who was touring U.S. Army forts in Texas and the Indian Territory in the spring of 1871. However, it is possible that Quanah is more related to the Shoshone root work kwanaru, which means stinking and was meant more as an insult. Quanah Parker - Wikipedia Parker, who was not at the village when Mackenzie attacked it, continued to remain off the reservation. The "cross" ceremony later evolved in Oklahoma because of Caddo influences introduced by John Wilson, a Caddo-Delaware religious leader who traveled extensively around the same time as Parker during the early days of the Native American Church movement. This was a sign, Quanah thought, and on June 2, 1875, Quanah and his band surrendered at Fort Sill in present-day Oklahoma. The Comanches rang bells and shook their thick buffalo robes in an effort to stampede the soldiers horses. In May 1915, one or more graverobbers opened the grave and stole three rings, a gold watch chain, and a diamond broach. At one point, he backed his horse to the door of one of the buildings in a vain attempt to kick it in. As American History explains, his stationary read: Principal Chief of the Comanche Indians. It was in this role that Quanah urged his fellow Comanches to take up farming and ranching. What did Quanah Parker do in the battle of Adobe Walls? She would have been around 20 years old when she became Peta Noconas one and only wife and began a family of her own. Although most of the Comanches were killed, Cynthia and her Comanche daughter, Prairie Flower, were captured. TSHA | Red River War - Handbook of Texas The Comanche campaign is a general term for military operations by the United States government against the Comanche tribe in the newly settled west. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1996. A war party of around 250 warriors, composed mainly of Comanches and Cheyennes, who were impressed by Isatai'i's claim of protective medicine to protect them from their enemies' bullets, headed into Texas towards the trading post of Adobe Walls. Theodore Roosevelt, who invited Quanah to his inauguration in 1905. From the Sphinx of ancient Egypt to the dragons of China and the Minotaur of ancient Greece, one, The Rufus Buck gangs exploits didnt last long, but they were brutal enough to quickly go down in, Wyatt Earp may be lionized for his role in the gunfight at the O.K. At one point, they shot Parkers horse from under him from one of the outposts buildings at 500 yards. Quanah Parker wanted the tribe to retain ownership of 400,000 acres (1,600km2) that the government planned to sell off to homesteaders, an argument he eventually lost.

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